Demetrios surrendered to the Ottomans without a fight and Thomas escaped into exile. [37] Whether he had any children is uncertain. The Palaiologos (pl. As youngest son, Thomas was never expected to reign, but his children became the onl… [58], When the Byzantines reconquered Constantinople in 1261 under Michael VIII Palaiologos, the Papacy suffered a loss of prestige and endured severe damage to its spiritual authority. Over a century had passed since Constantinople, a city Demetri had never seen, had fallen and yet he retained lingering dreams of the city. [79], In addition to the John Palaiologos of the Pesaro genealogy, some Italian genealogies from the 17th century onwards ascribe further sons to Thomas Palaiologos, notably a supposed older son by the name Rogerio or Ruggerio. His stay in Casalsottano is said to have attracted Byzantine refugees of other families, such as the Notaras and Komnenoi, to the hamlet in the aftermath of Constantinople's fall, and together they supposedly erected the Spirito Santo church, which still stands today. After not receiving any satisfactory offers, Manuel surprised the establishment in Rome by travelling to Constantinople in 1476 and presenting himself before Sultan Mehmed II. Noté /5. Constantine XI was born in Constantinople in 1405 to Manuel II and his wife Helena. Death. The Palaiologan emperors aspired to reunite the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church of Rome, to ensure legitimacy in the eyes of the West and in an attempt to secure aid against the many enemies of their empire. The Byzantine civil wars, and the collapse of Stefan Dušan's Serbian Empire following his death in 1355, had allowed the Ottoman Turks to expand almost unopposed through the Balkans and in the second half of the 14th century, the empire passed almost without a fight under Ottoman sovereignty, forced to pay tribute and offer military aid if needed. [117] The potential Palaiologan heir being kept as a hostage in Italy agrees poorly with contemporary Byzantine-Aragonese relations and importantly, no Byzantine historians mentions his existence. Dotted lines indicate illegitimate offsprings. The last certain members of the imperial line of the Palaiologoi died out in the 16th century, but female-line descendants survive to the present day. [111] The 1570 will of Demetri Paleologo, a son of Theodore, begins with "Io Demetri Palleollogo, da Constantinopoli ...". During Manuel II's reign, John VIII and the younger son Constantine appear to have got on well with each other, but the relations between Constantine and the younger brothers Demetrios and Thomas were not as friendly. As a younger son, Thomas was never expected to reign, but his children became the only surviving heirs of the defunct Palaiologan dynasty. The origins of the family are unclear. [28] Demetrios lived in the Ottoman Empire for the rest of his life, dying in 1470. To the Byzantine citizens themselves, the Union of the Churches, which to John VIII served as an assurance of a great western crusade against the Ottomans, was a death warrant for their empire. [131] In 1798, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Anthemus, wrote that the Ottoman Empire had been imposed by God himself as the supreme empire on Earth due to the heretical dealings of the Palaiologan emperors with Christians in the West.[132]. This second origin story is similar to family traditions of other Byzantine noble families, such as the Doukas or Phokas clans, who also used stories of ancient Roman descent to bolster their prestige and somewhat legitimize their claims to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, the Roman Empire's medieval continuation. [25] The brothers were divided in their policies. John II also pointed out that since Andronikos II had disinherited Andronikos III, John II was thus the rightful emperor as the only true heir to Andronikos II. Ελληνικά: Ο Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ’ ο Παλαιολόγος ή Κωνσταντίνος Δραγάσης (8 Φεβρουαρίου 1404 - … A little less than five years later in 1453 AD he was killed during the final assaults by the Turkish Sultan, Mehmed II on Constantinople. Though Constantine XI died in communion with Rome (and thus as a "heretic"), his death in battle against the Ottomans, defending Constantinople, made the Greeks and the Orthodox church remember him as a hero, redeeming popular opinion of the dynasty as a whole. For the next 192 years, Michael's descendants ruled the Byzantine Empire until the death of Constantine XI Palaiologos and the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks on May 29, 1453, becoming the longest-lived dynasty in Byzantine history. Despite the foreign and domestic difficulties during his reign, which culminated in the fall of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire, contemporary sources generally speak respectfully of the Emperor Constantine. He is not only remembered for being the last Byzantine Emperor who put up a brave last stand against the Ottomans, but also for his last speech to his officers and allies before the Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II. The sultan generously received him and Manuel stayed in Constantinople for the rest of his life. [105][106][39], Because Venice was the only major non-Muslim power in the Eastern Mediterranean, it represented an appealing destination for Byzantine refugees as the empire fell. The biggest event in Constantine IX reign though happens to be the Great Schism of 1054 wherein he saw the Byzantine Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church formally split and now permanently as the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate each other, he then dies the next year (1055) while his wife Zoe had died back in 1050; Constantine IX is succeeded by Zoe’s younger … In 1478, Theodore travelled to Venice with his father, Paul, and became a stratiote. [134], Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, Encyclopaedia Britannica – Manuel II Palaeologus, "Eine Verfügung des Paläologen Chass Murad-Pasa von Mitte Regeb 876 = Dez./Jan. [98] Theodore lived in England for the rest of his life and fathered six children,[99] whose fates were caught up in the English Civil War of 1642–1651. Because the name could lend whoever bore it prestige (as well as possible monetary support), many refugees fabricated closer links to the imperial dynasty. Thomas Palaiologos's oldest daughter, Helena, married Lazar Branković, Despot of Serbia, with whom she had three daughters; Jelena, Milica and Jerina Brankovic. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Christian Emperor of Constantinople and Byzantium. Though the Palaiologos name was not passed on, many of them used the double-headed eagle iconography of Byzantium. The situation was so dire that Manuel left Constantinople to travel around Western Europe asking for further aid against the Ottomans, visiting Italy, France and England. [107], The Venetian Palaiologoi were not related to the imperial family, but they might have been distant cousins. Andreas attempted to sell his claims to various Byzantine titles to earn money, but since Manuel did not have any claims to sell (as he was the second son), he instead travelled around Europe hoping to enter into the service of some noble. This group included names like "Palologoz of Kassandros" and "Manuel Palologoz". Michael VIII succeeded in a union at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, which formally reunited the churches after more than two centuries of schism. In the eyes of the Orthodox church, Constantine's death sanctified him and he died a hero. Through the preceding century or so of Palaiologan marriages to other imperial families, his ancestry could be traced back to the three most recent dynasties that had ruled the empire before the Fourth Crusade (Doukas, Komnenos and Angelos). [38], In order to conserve space, the family tree only displays people of male-line descent who survived until adulthood (with the exception of co-emperor Andronikos V Palaiologos, who died a child). Andronikos died in 1385 and his son, John VII Palaiologos briefly managed to usurp the throne in 1390. The repeated attempts by the emperors to reunite the Greek Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church, and thus place the Byzantine church in submission under the Papacy, was viewed as heresy and treason. The Palaiologos (pl. [24] Under their rule, the Morea was transformed into somewhat of a Byzantine government-in-exile, as Byzantine refugees from Constantinople and elsewhere fled to their courts, some even wishing to proclaim Demetrios, the elder brother, as Constantine's successor and the new Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans. [133], Beyond Constantine's martyrdom, the Palaiologos dynasty had a lasting impact on the Greeks throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule, having been the last family to govern independent Greek lands. In 1259, Michael VIII Palaiologos became co-emperor to the young John IV Laskaris through a coup and in 1261, following the recapture of Constantinople from the Latin Empire, John IV was deposed and blinded. [80], Many Byzantine refugees, though unrelated to the emperors, legitimately bore the name Palaiologos due to the extensive nature of the family. Constantine was the son of Emperor Manuel II. There is no evidence that the final emperor, Constantine XI, ever repudiated the union achieved at Florence in 1439. [87] Because people with the name live throughout the world and might not even be related in the first place, creating an all-encompassing modern Palaiologos genealogy is next to impossible. [119] A 1489 census of San Mauro Cilento records no inhabitants with Byzantine surnames, though records a widow and daughter of "Quondam Princi de Rogerio Greco", someone subsequent censuses make clear left no further descendants. The letter supposedly requested that if that was the case, the head of the family should be provided with the means of returning to Greece, with the trip paid for by the Greek government. John VIII had betrayed their faith and as such their entire imperial ideology and world view. Read "Bibliographische Notizen und Mitteilungen, Byzantinische Zeitschrift" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at … The emperor's excommunication was not lifted until nine years into his reign, upon the appointment of Patriarch Joseph I. [120], Some nobles with the last name Palaiologos remained in Ottoman Constantinople, and even prospered in the immediate post-conquest period. [14] Ultimately, the siege was resolved peacefully by Manuel through signing a peace treaty with Bayezid's son and successor, Mehmed I, in 1403, which among other things returned the city of Thessaloniki, captured by the Ottomans in 1387, to Byzantine rule. His only child, his daughter Helena, never married the sultan nor entered the sultan's harem, possibly because the sultan feared that she would poison him. "old word") was a Greek translation of vetus verbum, a dubious etymology of Viterbo. [110] Theodore's descendants and relatives lived on in Venice and its territories long after his death. A 1463 document supposedly signed by King Ferdinand I of Aragon records the granting of some lands in the vicinity of San Mauro to Rogerio, son of "illustrissimi Thomae Palaeologi dispoti Moreae". He spent most of his childhood in Constantinople under the supervision of his parents. [1], In contrast to these ancient and prestigious origin stories, the Palaiologoi probably actually originated relatively late in Anatolia, possibly in the Anatolic Theme. Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene, Great Martyr, the Emperor Blessed Constantine XI Paleologos, Georgios Frantzes, Ioannes A. Melisseides, Rita Zavolea Melisseidou, " Ealo I Polis, To Chronico tes halose tes Konstantinoupoles " ( Constantinople has Fallen. The Empress Helena, acting … [29], Thomas had four children; Helena, Zoe, Andreas and Manuel. [56], The marriage of Zoe/Sophia (Thomas's second daughter) to Ivan III of Moscow served to strengthen Moscow's claim to be the "Third Rome", the ideological and spiritual successor to the Byzantine Empire. When his brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, died childless, a dispute erupted between Constantine and his brother Demetrios Palaiologos over the throne. Venetian documents frequently refer to their "strenuous" prowess in service to the Venetian Republic. John V retook the throne in 1379 but reached an agreement with Andronikos in 1381, wherein Andronikos was to succeed him as emperor, passing over Manuel. Constantine XI Palaiologos Died this day, 1453 in defence of Christianity. [16], Through most of John VIII's reign, Constantine and Thomas ruled as Despots of the Morea, with Demetrios governing a stretch of land in Thrace. [11] Once news of the act, the blinding of not only the legitimate emperor, but an underage boy, got out, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Arsenios Autoreianos, excommunicated Michael. In the meantime, John VI Kantakouzenos attempted to consolidate his own dynasty on the imperial throne, marrying his daughter Helena to John V and proclaiming his son Matthew Kantakouzenos as co-emperor. [22] After a 53-day long siege, the city finally fell to the Ottomans on 29 May 1453. Some, such as Theophilos Palaiologos, lost their lives in the battle, whereas others were taken prisoner and executed. [21] The ill-advised threat gave Mehmed a casus belli and late in 1451, preparations were already underway for a new Ottoman siege of Constantinople. Not only were the means the family had used to gain the throne grim,[11] but their religious policy alienated many within the empire. Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Christian Emperor of Constantinople and Byzantium. The modern Castriota family, living in Italy, are the only known living descendants of Jerina and Gjon Kastrioti II. Palaiologoi; Greek: Παλαιολόγος, pl. The origins of the Palaiologos family are unclear. [44] He is last attested in the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)[45] and is not believed to have had children of his own. Constantine XI Palaiologos's rise to the throne was also accepted by Murad II, who by now had to be consulted for any appointments. The Paleologu also live in Malta and France, one of the most famous members of the family being the French diplomat Maurice Paléologue, who in his lifetime repeatedly asserted his imperial descent. English: Constantine XI Palaiologos or Palaeologus, (February 8, 1405 – May 29, 1453) was the last reigning Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, from 1448 to his death. Constantine, with some 8… The delegation visited places in Italy where Palaiologoi were known to have resided and even came to Cornwall, where Theodore Paleologus had lived in the 17th century. [55], Lazar Branković's third daughter, Jerina, married Gjon Kastrioti II, the son of Albanian national hero Skanderbeg. When Constantinople fell to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Palaiologoi fled to the Empire of Nicaea, a Byzantine successor state ruled by the Laskaris family, where they continued to play an active role and occupied many offices of high rank. [66] In the end, Andronikos II's fourth son (in order to not jeopardize the line of succession),[67] Theodore, was chosen to travel to Montferrat, arriving there in 1306. When the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade took Constantinople in 1204 and overthrew the Byzantine Empire in favor of the new, Catholic, Latin Empire, the Palaiologoi followed Theodore I Laskaris to the Empire of Nicaea, where they played an active role and continued to occupy offices of high rank. Retrouvez The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. [86] These modern Palaiologoi cannot be confidently proven to descend from the imperial dynasty, or the medieval family which produced it. [49] The Tocco family, male-line descendants of Leonardo III and Milica Branković styled themselves as princes on the ground that they represented not only the senior descendants of the Byzantine imperial dynasty, but of the Serbian royal dynasty as well. [114], Supposedly, Rogerio's descendants would then have remained in Casalsottano until 1571, when Giovanni Paleologo was given the fief of Perito and Ostigliano in Salerno. The contemporary historian George Sphrantzes, who described the life of Thomas Palaiologos in detail, wrote on the birth of Andreas Palaiologos on 17 January 1453 that the boy was "a continuator and heir" of the Palaiologan lineage, a phrase which makes little sense if Andreas was not Thomas's first-born son. [60], Michael VIII succeeded in achieving a union of the Catholic and Orthodox churches at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, legitimizing him and his successors as rulers of Constantinople in the eyes of the West. Emperors are indicated with bold text and women are indicated with italics. None of their own contemporaries appear to have doubted their imperial descent. Additionally, they continued to style themselves as despots of Epirus until the 17th century, when they instead began to title themselves as princes of Achaea. Thomas Palaiologos was the youngest surviving son of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and his wife Helena Dragaš. According to several later oral traditions, the family had originated in Italy, supposedly in the city of Viterbo. The weakening of Byzantium as a result of the civil war allowed Stefan Dušan of Serbia to invade Macedonia, Thessaly and Epirus in 1346–1348, creating the Serbian Empire. [1], Though most of the Palaiologan era was defined by decline and war, it was also an age of cultural flourishing, beginning in the late 13th century. [13] Bayezid's siege lasted for more than a decade, with Western aid through the Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) failing to stop the sultan. [23] Constantine also sent desperate pleas for aid to Western Europe, though little help ever arrived. [68] Byzantine fears of Latinization became true; Theodore converted to Catholicism and on his visits to Constantinople, Theodore schocked the Byzantines with his shaven face and Western customs. [32] Thomas died on 12 May 1465 and shortly thereafter Zoe, Andreas and Manuel arrived in Rome. Search Elsewhere ArchiveGrid Search DPLA Search. [22] To prevent aid coming from the Morea, now governed by Thomas and Demetrios, Mehmed II sent one of his generals, Turahan Bey (who had raided the Morea twice before) to devastate the peninsula. [75] The ancestry of the Paleologu can be traced to Greeks with the name Palaiologos, but not to the imperial family. The famous Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547–1575), Russia's first Tsar, was Sophia's grandson. [65], The final Palaeologus Marquis, John George, Marquis of Montferrat, died in 1533 and rule of Montferrat was then given to Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.[73] The last female member, Margaret Paleologa, married to Federico II, died in 1566, rendering the Montferrat cadet branch extinct. [49][50] When the despotate fell to the Ottomans in 1479, Leonardo and his family escaped to Italy, where he continued to be recognized as the titular Despot of Epirus. In 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, he was last seen fighting at the city walls, but the actual circumstances of his death have remained surrounded in myth. [46] Thus, the male line of the imperial branch of the House of Palaiologos probably went extinct at some point in the early 16th century. [38][39] According to Russian sources, he might also have had a daughter, Maria Palaiologina, who married a Russian prince. 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