Special spray nozzles have been designed for mite control. Finally, one important aspect of IRM is the initial proportion of resistance alleles in a population. The increasing availability of whole genome sequences and EST databases strongly stimulate mite resistance research. Mites can flourish even in winter where the climate is warm or in glasshouse conditions where host plants are available. Factors affecting economic decisions by the producer cannot be ignored. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012802441600005X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123969552000163, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122573057500783, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124376519500087, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123969552000096, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122276205001464, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123985293000191, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128144886000133, Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests of Tomato, De kreij et al., 1992; Ghidiu et al., 2006; Brust, 2014, Oldfield, 1970; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993; Meck, 2010, Lange and Bronson, 1981; Park and Lee, 2007; Meck, 2010, Insect Resistance Management (Second Edition), MICHAEL P. PARRELLA, ... JOOP VAN LENTEREN, in, Introduction to Floriculture (Second Edition), Biotechnological and Molecular Approaches in the Management of Non-Insect Pests of Crop Plants, Cranham and Helle, 1985; Devine et al., 2001; Keena and Granett, 1990; Stumpf and Nauen, 2001, Matsumura and Voss, 1964; Smissaert et al., 1970, Handbook of Vegetable Pests (Second Edition). Injection of plant growth regulators or interference with growth regulators during feeding is also reported. Another fruit problem caused by TSSM is gold flecking, which appears as yellow or gold spots scattered over the surface of the fruit as it ripens. Navajas M. (1999) Host plant associations in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): insights from molecular phylogeography. Antixenosis as an HPR mechanism is likely to affect the evolution of resistance. In spider mites, past genetic and ecological studies have comprehensively suggested that the local concentration of resistance genes (increasing gene frequency in breeding patches) resulting from genetic diversity within habitats based on their biological traits and selection by acaricides, and gene flow from selection sites to surroundings (local and/or regional spread of resistance) are the processes of acaricide-resistance evolution (Osakabe et al., 2009). The chemicals released seem to … They studied the dynamics of resistance in T. urticae in pear orchards for seven years. However, these studies have not been satisfactory for understanding the scope of acaricide resistance in T. urticae. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) has been reported from a wide range of host plants and it is an important pest of many agricultural crops (Helle & Sabelis, 1985). T. urticae has a very wide host range. Also, the suitability of crops for mites is greatly enhanced when mites develop on plants which receive excessive nitrogen fertilization, grow in a dusty environment, or are stressed by inadequate moisture and high temperature. Mites are most easily detected along the south side of the greenhouse and at the end of beds where temperatures are high. T. urticae is among the most polyphagous herbivores known: It can feed on over 1,100 different plants in more than 140 different plant The period during which eggs are deposited can last from 10 days (34 °C) to 40 days (15 °C). Treating boxes of chrysanthemum cuttings with both T. urticae and the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot at the rate of one per plant and one per 50 plants gave excellent control (Scopes & Biggerstaff, 1973). 17-18, pp. Antixenosis is not a factor in HPR because resistant and susceptible cultivars were equally attractive (Gould, 1979). Twospotted spider mite can feed on 18–22 cells per minute, resulting in many dead cells, and often a speckled appearance. In a study by Meck (2010) on tomatoes in North Carolina (United States), it was found that economic thresholds were very low at 1–2 mites/tomato leaflet. Leaf transpiration is accelerated, and affected leaves may dry and drop from the plant. In determining the adaptation to HPR in the presence of natural enemies, one must ascertain whether those natural enemies will increase or decrease the fitness differential (Gould et al., 1991). (1995) also concluded that the immigration of susceptible mites into pear orchards (Pyrus sp.) Apparently, mite problems are induced by crop management practices, particularly the use of broad-spectrum insecticides (see section on “insecticides”). urticae. Mites will feed directly on the tomato fruit, usually at the stem-end around the cap area (Meck et al., 2009). D.W. Onstad, Lisa Knolhoff, in Insect Resistance Management (Second Edition), 2014. (1995) concluded that better IPM, including the use of economic thresholds and biological control, could reduce the number of applications and delay resistance. Spider mites damage their host plants while feeding, using The pest feeds mostly on the underside of the leaf, and the eggs are laid there, so it is crucial that miticide coverage be adequate there. Environmental effects, such as amount of water or natural enemies, must be considered in a resistance management strategy because certain regions may experience climatic conditions for which HPR expression is compromised. interaction between the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae, and its host plants. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection: Vol. [2] The red spider mite, which can be seen in greenhouses and tropical and temperate zones, spins a fine web on and under leaves. (1982) found that mites adapted to HPR cucumber had significantly higher survivorship when exposed to three organophosphate insecticides. Dominic J. Durkin, in Introduction to Floriculture (Second Edition), 1992. They pierce individual cells with their stylets, withdrawing the cell contents. It has been spread throughout the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere by wind and throughout the world via the transport of plants by man. These mites do not feed or reproduce until favourable conditions resume. After several days of heavy mite feeding, necrotic spots begin to develop on leaf tissue and leaves will turn yellow or gray and collapse. From apples to zucchini – no matter what types of plants you grow – it's likely something spider mites will attack. [1], T. urticae is extremely small, barely visible with the naked eye as reddish or greenish spots on leaves and stems; the adult females measure about 0.4 mm long. Of all the possible causes, TSSM seems to be the most important in causing this fruit ripening problem in temperate regions (Brust, 2014). Antixenosis is not a factor in HPR because resistant and susceptible cultivars were equally attractive ( Gould, 1979 ). Yellowing and speckling are the most common early plant responses to feeding, though reddening may also occur. As in aphids, the genes for carotene synthesis appear to have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer from a fungus. The fact that these mites are polyphagous has many implications for devising a resistance management strategy with HPR hosts. The lower threshold for development is about 12 °C and the upper limit for development is about 40 °C. T. urticae may also important as allergen in asth- Thirteen newly emerged females were transferred with adult males in couples from a culture maintained at Sakha laboratory by camel brush on 13 discs of each of sweet potato, mulberry, and castor Abstract Systematic surveys in the field and laboratory were carried out to explore the dispersion pattern of T. urticae and its selection of host plants in the irrigation region and a reclamation region in Ningxia, China. [2] It is the most prevalent pest of Withania somnifera in India. With respect to resistance management, Gould (1978a) highlighted the need to test multiple populations of the insect target and to look at population size, mobility, and whether there is mono- or polygenic inheritance of resistance. This spider mite is extremely polyphagous; it can feed on hundreds of plants, including most vegetables and food crops – such as peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, pepinos, beans, maize, and strawberries, and ornamental plants such as roses. [8], Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, "First record of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, infesting Withania somnifera in India", "Horizontally transferred fungal carotenoid genes in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae", "Mate choice promotes inbreeding avoidance in the two-spotted spider mite", "The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetranychus_urticae&oldid=995563246, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 19:00. White speckles on tomato leaf from two-spotted spider mite feeding. One host of T. urticae is cucumber (Cucumis sativus). However, this advantage depends on which acaricide is used first, because one acaricide conferred cross-resistance to the other. The larva becomes an eight-legged protonymph, slightly larger than the larva after a quiescent stage. By studying colonization suc- cess on various marginal host plants, Gould David W. Onstad, in Insect Resistance Management (Second Edition), 2014. Although not common, TSSM feeding damage on tomato flowers causes a browning and withering of the petals. The evolutionary status of these strains was analysed by studying genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice. It developed fastest at 35 deg C (6.50 d) and 30 deg C (6.93 d), whereas at 15 deg C it took 16.23 d. The higher the temperature, the faster the development of the mite. The type of host plants varied among mite species; for example, T. okinawanus was frequently found on indigenous plants inhabiting the seashore and invasive weeds, T. piercei and T. parakanzawai on inland indigenous plants, T. urticae (green form) on invasive weeds, and T. neocaledonicus on introduced trees. As Dicke et al. The body of a spider mite is separated into two distinct parts: (1) the gnathosoma and (2) the idiosoma. The life cycle usually ranges from 10 days to 2 weeks. A review of biological control of T. urticae in greenhouses is available (Osborne et al., 1985). This generalist rapidly acclimatizes and adapts to a new host, hereby overcoming nutritional challenges and a novel pallet of constitutive and induced plant defenses. 1964. could be important for IRM. 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