The growing use of education data by schools, government agencies, and the media, as well as the increasing sophistication of the technologies used to track information related to the academic achievement and educational attainment of students, have exposed achievement gaps that may have been unidentified, overlooked, or ignored in past decades. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Because Black and Hispanic families are disproportionately impacted by poverty, they too are disproportionately affected by achievement gaps, scoring lower on achievement tests and other academic pursuits. Advances in Gender and Education, 2009. "The Role of Schooling in Perpetuating Educational Inequality: An International Perspective." Beyond Sex Differences: New Approaches for Thinking About Variation in Brain Structure and Function, The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics, The Gender Gap in Math: Its Possible Origins in Neighborhood Effects, Effects of Technology and Male Teachers on Boys’ Reading, The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective, Back to School: Five Myths About Girls and Science, Current Research on Gender Differences in Math, Gender and the Career Choice Process: The Role of Biased Self‐Assessments, The Influence of Peer Victimization on Educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High School Students, Same-Sex Sexuality and Educational Attainment: The Pathway to College, The Economic Cost of the U.S. Education Gap, The Financial Returns From College Across Generations: Large but Unequal, Personal Consumption Expenditures/Gross Domestic Product, Trends in Achievement Gaps in First-Year College Courses for Racial/Ethnic, Income, and Gender Subgroups: A 12-Year Study. McKinsey & Company. By the time children of color are 3 or 4, they are already behind their White and East Asian counterparts. "The College Payoff," Page 1. Students from high-poverty schools don't receive equal government funding. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The NEA identifies the following groups as experiencing significant achievement gaps: 1. For poor and minority families, a college degree boosts income 23 points and wealth 20 points over other families with the same inherited characteristics. The achievement gap negatively affects individuals and society, as students miss out on job and career opportunities and the rest of us miss out on the contributions they might have made if there had been no gap. A college degree is a more significant predictor of family income and wealth than inherited characteristics. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. It is between groups based on ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, physical or mental abilities, and income. While it is possible that some educators may use achievement gap in reference to individual student achievement, it is more likely that a term such as learning gap will be used: achievement gap nearly always refers to disparities of achievement between or among student groups. Race and the Achievement Gap Using standardized tests to measure achievement perpetuates a system of institutionalized racism and lends the cloak of science to discriminatory practices. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The achievement gap is defined as the difference between the academic performance of one societal group and another. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. University of Pennsylvania Wharton School. For a related discussion, see. … Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Yet the causes are often so complex and overlapping that it is nearly impossible to determine all the factors that may give rise to particular achievement gaps or contribute to their persistence. Closely related to learning gap and opportunity gap, the term achievement gap refers to any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households. In fact, it could be argued that most education-reform strategies are either directly or indirectly intended to address achievement gaps, given that calls for “reform” typically result from perceived underperformance and a desire to improve the educational achievement of low-performing students. Yet even as landmark government decisions such as Brown v. Board of Educationhelped bring racial minority educational dis… "The Gender Gap in Math: Its Possible Origins in Neighborhood Effects," Page 3. National Association of Secondary School Principals. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The Stanford Center for Policy Analysis found the correlation between achievement gaps and these socio-economic factors was at least 62% for Black communities and 83% for Latinx communities., A 2009 McKinsey study found that the average score of Black and Latinx students on standardized tests was two to three years behind that of White students of the same age.. "The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective," Page 3. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The educational achievement gap in the United States exists in and out of the classroom, and extends from the earliest years of childhood across the lifespan. The achievement gap shows up in … Get the free e-book 8 Great Ways to Close the Achievement Gap. The following list provides a representative sample of the major student subgroups that tend to exhibit achievement gaps: A growing body of educational research is devoted to studying the underlying causes of achievement gaps and the strategies educators are employing to address them. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. 106, No. Educational performance is measured by standardized tests, diplomas, access to higher education, or employment. The achievement gap describes the disparity in academic performance between students who are in different groups. Brookings Institute. Half of the states with the 10 best economies also have the best education scores. When it comes to gender, there are wide variations in achievement. While much of the focus when discussing this topic focuses on educational disparities between white students and students of color, the National Education Associationdescribes the achievement gap in broader terms. A school can improve class size and school safety. All of these factors can adversely affect educational achievement. National Science Foundation. Economic disadvantage produces a number of factors that create an achievement gap. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Achievement gaps are strongly correlated with racial gaps in income, poverty rates, unemployment rates, and educational attainment. Although disparities in test scores tend to be the most discussed, scrutinized, and reported achievement gaps, educational performance and attainment disparities may appear in a wide variety of data sets, including graduation rates, college-enrollment rates, college-completion rates, course grades, dropout rates, absenteeism rates, and disciplinary infractions, among many other possible categories of student-achievement data tracked by government agencies, districts, and schools. "Personal Consumption Expenditures/Gross Domestic Product." Journal of Homosexuality. The school can encourage students’ interest in education and involve the family when possible. "The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics." the persistent disparity in academic achievement between minority and disadvantaged students and their white counterparts National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. An achievement gap refers to the observed disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. "How Well Are American Students Learning?" Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Cisgender students are guided towards "gender appropriate" studies. Over the years, the major reasons given for the claimed superior attainments of … The study found that males did improve during that time in English Composition I and Biology. Workers' wages rise, creating more spending—It's a cycle that generates continued economic expansion. Another achievement gap that has received considerable attention in recent years is the lagging performance of American students on international tests in comparison to students from other developed countries. Income alone doesn’t explain all of the gaps. Similarly, if low-income students had the same educational achievement as their wealthier peers over that same period, they would have added $670 billion in GDP. Unfortunately, the growing achievement gaps in Washington, D.C. and Maryland make it even less likely that students attending HBCUs are prepared on day one of college. Fortunately for us, the mathematics education community has, within the last two decades, made a determined effort to address the problems of mathematics education. For example, approximately 42 percent of African Americans require remediation after graduating from high school. "Gender and the Career Choice Process: The Role of Biased Self‐Assessments," Page 18. US2010 Project. The Balance uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. As Education Week explains it: “The achievement gap shows up in grades, standardized-test scores, course selection, dropout rates, and college-completion rates, among other success measures.” The National Educational Association cites eight areas that contribute to racial and income achievement gaps. They are divided into things schools can do something about and things outside of the school’s control. The term “achievement gap” originated in the 1960s, when researchers began studying the disparity in academic performance between groups of students. A 2011 study found that minority families with incomes above $75,000 are still more likely to live in low-income communities than white families with incomes below $40,000. The schools in these neighborhoods are of a lower quality than those in affluent areas. ©2014 Great Schools Partnership | 482 Congress Street, Suite 500 | Portland, ME 04101 | 207.773.0505 | greatschoolspartnership.org, The Glossary of Education Reform for Journalists, Parents, and Community Members, Programme for International Student Assessment, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Students from higher-income and lower-income households and communities, Native English-speaking students and students who are learning English or who cannot speak English, including recently arrived immigrant or refugee students (see, Nondisabled students and students with physical or learning disabilities, Students whose parents have earned a college degree and students whose parents have not earned a college degree (these students are often called, American students and students from other countries, Poverty, income inequality, and lower socioeconomic status contributing to reduced, Minority status giving rise to racism, prejudice, stereotyping, ethnic bias, and institutionalized predispositions—such as the tendency in schools to lower academic expectations for minorities or enroll them in less-challenging courses—that may negatively affect educational achievement. The achievement gap between high- and low-income students was even larger, at $400 billion to $670 billion, 3 to 5 percent of GDP. The Achievement Gap is an issue that goes hand-in-hand with the school-to-prison pipeline. Generally speaking, achievement gap refers to outputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of educational results and benefits—while opportunity gap refers to inputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of resources and opportunities. The research shows that, although there are brain differences, it doesn’t necessarily mean boys’ brains are "hardwired" against reading. Other research shows that environmental factors also influence neurological predispositions., Some studies indicate that boys avoid liberal arts because society says reading is feminine, and many boys are steered toward sports rather than academics., Similarly, girls have been historically guided toward home economics classes instead of science, math, or economics. Even today, there are many stereotypes that discourage girls from taking STEM classes, and research has found that science and math teachers give boys more help in those areas.. "Identifying Factors That Contribute to Achievement Gaps." The most commonly discussed achievement gap in the United States is the persistent disparity in national standardized-test scores between white and Asian-American students, two groups that score higher on average, and African-American and Hispanic students, two groups that score lower on average. Neither can a school affect other factors that influence the achievement gap such as family income, the students’ diet, language, and mobility. It is also tends to be one of the top priorities identified by educators, policy makers, elected officials, and others working to improve the education system and individual schools. "The Financial Returns From College Across Generations: Large but Unequal." These included two "inherited" characteristics—age of the head of the family and race—and one "acquired" characteristic—a college degree.. The achievement gap is the disparity in educational attainment between different groups. Educational Researcher. McKinsey & Company. The gender achievement gap depends on the subject matter. Learning gap refers to relative performance of individual students—i.e., the disparity between what students have actually learned and what they were expected to learn at a particular age or grade level. Lower-quality schools, ineffective teaching, student overcrowding, dilapidated school facilities, and inferior educational resources, programs, and opportunities in economically disadvantaged schools and communities. "Racial and Ethnic Achievement Gaps." Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. "The Influence of Peer Victimization on Educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High School Students." Part 2 in the series on the Achievement Gap by guest blogger Takeshi Terada (tera0026@umn.edu). Closely related to learning gap and opportunity gap, the term achievement gap refers to any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households. When low income students spend time away from school, the achievement gap widens. Overall, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) Americans report a lot of discrimination that can add a heavy burden to educational achievement. The achievement gap can be observed on a variety of measures, including standardized test scores, grade point average, dropout rates, and college enrollment and completion … Similarly, the states that were wealthier have better education scores. Boys and girls 5. Find out with the latest Ed Term of the Week:…. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. In the early twentieth century, for instance, this gap was noticed between wealthy American children of Western European descent and poor children of Italian and Eastern European immigrants. Kimberly Amadeo has 20 years of experience in economic analysis and business strategy. Higher-income families add to consumer spending, which drives about 70% of the economy. Manufacturers ramp up to meet the added demand, creating more jobs. While the controversial legislation is the object of ongoing national debate, one stated intent is to identify, address, and ultimately eliminate achievement gaps. Within schools, tracking guides students toward different careers. Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis. Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education. "Back to School: Five Myths About Girls and Science." Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. These gaps limit economic growth even more than all recessions combined. The pandemic could widen the achievement gap. Most of the gains have come from an increase in Black and Latinx achievement scores in math and reading. The gap between white and black scores on the LSAT in 2013 was a 1.06 standard deviation. This is because education increases the income that generates greater economic growth. 6, May 2001. Female students test better than male students in reading, have higher grade point averages, and a higher rate of acceptance into college., The opposite is true for math and science. The achievement-gap issue is closely related to the concept of equity—fairness in education, equal access to learning opportunities, and greater equality in educational achievement, attainment, and benefits. Many claim this guides minorities and women toward less lucrative jobs, while others argue that tracking is needed to give gifted children, from all groups, the best preparation to excel. Despite all the research and debate, there is no consensus on these theories. However, low income and middle income students appear to make comparable achievement gains during the school year. In 2004, only 29 blacks, representing 0.3 percent of all black LSAT takers, scored 170 or above on the LSAT, according to the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The recently released National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Grade 12 results found that the achievement gap between high- and low-performing students has widened significantly in both math and reading in the United States. "Comparability of State and Local Expenditures Among Schools Within Districts: A Report From the Study of School-Level Expenditures," Page 18. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The structure of the American system of public schooling and teacher preparation contributing to lower academic performance in comparison to some higher-performing, Do you know what it means when data is disaggregated? LBGTQ students face these challenges plus outright discrimination both in K-12 and college. Achievement gaps in the United States are observed, persistent disparities in measures of educational performance among subgroups of U.S. students, especially groups defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity and gender. Educators can’t do much about an unsafe neighborhood, access to libraries, or the lack of jobs. | Learn more ». The Fifty. "Leaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic Achievement," Page 3. "Statistics." To place the achievement gaps in context, we describe changes in the average level of achievement among students at age 14 and age 17 for students born between 1954 and 2001. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. A generation of students is at risk. "Beyond Sex Differences: New Approaches for Thinking About Variation in Brain Structure and Function." Achievement Gap. "Transgender Students." The achievement gap between White students and Black, Latinx, and immigrant students is present before they begin school as children. National Bureau of Economic Research. The achievement gap continues to exist in urban public schools. A Department of Education study found that 45% of high-poverty schools received less state and local funding than other schools within their own districts.. National Education Association. "Same-Sex Sexuality and Educational Attainment: The Pathway to College." The achievement gap between disadvantaged and well-off students is as wide today as it was for children born in 1954 when it comes to tests in math, reading, and science, researchers report in a new article for the journal Education Next.. By using The Balance, you accept our. “The Economic Cost of the US Education Gap.” Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Australian Journal of Education, Volume 52, No. Many other federal, state, and institutional policies—such as universal access to free public preschools or affirmative action in postsecondary admission decisions—represent additional efforts intended to address achievement gaps. 1, 2008. American Sociological Review. However, there are schools that have narrowed the achievement gap for historically underrepresented youth. It is between groups based on ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, physical or mental abilities, and income. For the most advantaged families, a college degree means an 11% increase in wealth and income over what they would have achieved based on inherited characteristics alone. While particular achievement gaps may vary significantly in degree or severity from group to group or place to place, achievement gaps are defined by their consistency and persistence—i.e., achievement gaps are not typically isolated or passing events, but observable and predictable trends that remain relatively stable and enduring over time. A school can’t influence a family’s cultural bias against the importance of education. "Trends in Achievement Gaps in First-Year College Courses for Racial/Ethnic, Income, and Gender Subgroups: A 12-Year Study," Page 28. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Journal of LGBT Youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. Much has been written about the achievement gap between students from middle class backgrounds and those from low income backgrounds. Achievement gaps for racial minorities are correlated with gaps in income, poverty rates, unemployment rates, and parents’ education level. "Girls, Boys, and Reading." The achievement gap refers to the difference in student achievement level between low-income and/or students of color, and the rest of American students. Little or no English-language understanding, fluency, or literacy contributing to educational underperformance, decreased academic motivation, or higher dropout rates. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify school-wide practices that exist in one outperforming urban high school that is narrowing the achievement gap. National Girls Collaborative Project. It should be noted, however, that despite the dramatically increased attention to achievement gaps in American public education, and decades of well-intentioned reform efforts by educators and policy makers, achievement gaps have not only persisted, but progress has been modest at best (and in some cases achievement gaps have actually widened). The largest gender achievement gap occurred in English Composition I and College Algebra. "The Economic Cost of the U.S. Education Gap." For example, the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act—commonly known as the No Child Left Behind Act—requires schools and states to collect and report student-achievement data for multiple student subgroups (among many other provisions). Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. An individual school can’t control educational funding. "Addressing the Inequitable Distribution of Teachers: What It Will Take to Get Qualified, Effective Teachers in All Communities," Page 1. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. A privately held, Texas based company, originally called Imagination Station, that delivers an adaptive reading program for students Pre-K through grade 10. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Among Top Math Students, Why Does a Gender Gap Persist? Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. English language learners 3. The achievement gap is the disparity in educational attainment between different groups. Achievement gaps exist at every level of education. Ninth-grade males outnumber females four to one in the American Mathematics Competition. This discrepancy worsens by 12th grade, according to a Wharton Business School study. As a result, women are under-represented in high-paying careers in science, technology, engineering, and math.. It can hire experienced teachers and make sure they are sensitive to cultural issues. The Global Achievement Gap, a new book by Tony Wagner, co-director of the Change Leadership Group, examines the U.S. education system in the 21st century, considers why American students are falling behind their international peers, and proposes methods to begin to correct the downward slide.In this Q&A, Wagner addresses this gap and offers advice on how educators can begin to close it. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. We believe that technology companies, Microsoft included, have a responsibility to step up and help tackle this issue. How the Achievement Gap Affects Students (And the Rest of Us), Factors That Influence Educational Achievement, Economic Impact of Educational Achievement Gaps, How to Close the Racial Wealth Gap in the United States, Black and Latinx Home-Value Gaps Smallest Since 2007, Beat High College Costs With a Tuition Waiver, Top 10 States in Education With the Best Education. The disproportionate representation of minority and lower-income students in the lowest-achieving schools, lower-level academic classes, and courses taught by the least experienced or effective teachers. Racial and ethnic minorities 2. Achievement gaps occur when one group of students (e.g., students grouped by race/ethnicity, gender) outperforms another group and the difference in average scores for the two groups is statistically significant (i.e., larger than the margin of error). In 1989, the National Council ofTeachers of Math ematics issued Curriculum and Evaluation Standards In Part 1 of this series on the Achievement Gap, I described how closing the achievement gap may not necessarily mean that children’s academic performances are getting closer to each other. The Glossary of Education Reform welcomes your comments and suggestions. The research found that this accounts for 37% of the reason for lower math scores. One reason is that low-income schools have more uncredentialed or inexperienced teachers.. The Achievement Gap: Part 2. The educational achievement gaps are pervasive and expensive. "Among Top Math Students, Why Does a Gender Gap Persist?" As shown in the above chart, the gap in reading performance between the 90th percentile and the 10th percentile of U.S. 12th graders is at its … Accessed August 6, 2020. Almost 60% of transgender students could not use the bathroom that conformed to their gender identity., LGBTQ high school students experience higher truancy, lower grades, and lower expectations to complete high school or college. High-school students who experience same-sex sexuality are less likely to complete college, but men who experience same-sex sexuality in college do not face this gap., A McKinsey study estimates that the achievement gap has cost the U.S. economy more than all recessions since the 1970s combined.. However, the study contradicts research suggesting that socioeconomic achievement gaps have substantially widened in recent years. For the 10 year period 1998-2008, U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) would have been $525 billion higher in 2008 if there were no race-based achievement gap. Victimization on educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High school are sensitive to cultural issues level, administrators teachers... 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