This was the first reported case of Gongylonema in the United States since 1963. The life cycle is as follows: Infective third stage larva from naturally infected dung beetles (intermediate hosts and vectors), were orally given to rabbits. In cases of hanging and more preferably in Complete Hanging there is always the Sternocleidomastoid muscle subjected to Shear movement from external large indenting pressure on its belly causing a tear of its attachments from the sterna end besides this, the constricting force squeezes the impending carotid artery causing sudden constriction of the wall and its rupture. Eosinophilia is noted in some patients. (2007). [33] Features that suggest that the death is a homicide include the ligature marks being under the larynx, scratch marks on the ligature, and the presence of significant injury on the skin of the neck. However, that does not mean that we don’t need it. [35][36] Hanging, with its connection to justice and injustice, is what the Department of Health and Aged Care of Australia calls a "particularly confronting display of resistance, defiance, individual control and accusatory blame"; it is "a rebuke and statement of uncaring relations, unmet needs, personal anguish, and emotional payback". The vector and intermediate host for Gongylonema pulchrum infections are coprophagous insects (dung beetles and cockroaches). The symptoms of tongue cancer include a painful tongue, redness, and sores or ulcers that will not heal. gives a figure of at least 70 percent. Hanging is often considered to be a simple suicide method that does not require complicated techniques; a study of people who attempted suicide by hanging and lived usually suggests that this perception may not be accurate. [citation needed], There is a danger of misdiagnosing infections of G. pulchrum as delusional parasitosis. No medical treatment was initiated. For days the prisoner is not given food nor water. Beyond direct ingestion of infected intermediate hosts (insects), foods can become contaminated if unsanitary conditions pervade in the production of the food- coprophagous insects are found in the food, or in the production chain. [43] Timothy Hill writes that there is no conclusive explanation of why the stigma existed; it has been suggested that hanging was a method of the poor. [2] In the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, suicides by hanging are classified under the code X70: "Intentional self-harm by hanging, strangulation, and suffocation."[3][4]. The tongue helps you speak, taste food and move it around in your mouth, and yes, even show your obnoxious side. Manual strangulation and suffocation may also be considered all together with hanging. [27][28] Full suspension is not required; most hanging suicides are done by partial suspension, according to Wyatt et al. The taste buds are located in the papillae, which are projections on the upper surface of the tongue. Control measures for reducing infections include making sure vector and larval contamination of food and water sources does not occur- this could be included in basic sanitary practices. It is one of the most commonly used suicide … There was a pair of lateral cervical papillae. Hanging tongue syndrome is a medical defect that can arise in dogs due to a variety of reasons, and which can indicate a problem with your dog’s conformation or neurological system, or that they have suffered from an injury, all of which can go on to cause further problems. Throughout history, numerous famous people have died due to suicide by hanging. In humans, it is also used to produce speech sounds. In some reptiles, such as snakes, the tongue is mainly used as a sense organ, while in some other animals, such as frogs, chameleons, and anteaters, it is used to capture prey. Gongylonema pulchrum burrows in the mucosal lining of the esophagus and other parts of the buccal cavity. She was strong and healthy all through the pregnancy and she went for regular check up and her doctor did not find anything wrong with her. Some breeds—like Boxers—are prone to having larger tongues that hang of out of their mouths. Damage to the nerves that control the tongue and other forms of neurological damage may … Oral thrush, also known as candidiasis or candiasis, is a yeast infection that develops inside the mouth caused by a type of fungus called Candida. [42] Virgil's Aeneid, for example, refers to the noose as nodum informis leti ("the coil of unbecoming death"). [17] A 2008 review of 56 countries based on World Health Organization mortality data found that hanging was the most common method in most of the countries,[18] accounting for 53 percent of the male suicides and 39 percent of the female suicides. Haruki, K., Furuya, H., Saito, S., Kamiya, S. & Kagei, N. 2005: "First case of human gongylonemosis in France", American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gongylonema_pulchrum&oldid=994263482, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 21:11. What does tongue hangs out, one's expression mean? The same type of death occurs in suspension hanging, … We ask our volunteers to basically just clean their tongues. In edentates and some ungulates the tongue is used to grasp food. The G. pulchrum parasite is a nematode worm of the order Spirurida. The Root or Base:It attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth cavity. Approximately 12 hours after eating the food, she and five other individuals she was traveling with had an acute attack of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue (the lingual septum) that results in a groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's surface.. Six months earlier, she had noted an irregular patch of mucosa on her cheek, but thought nothing of it. Ron M. Brown writes that hanging has a "fairly imperspicuous and complicated symbolic history". He didn’t report eating any abnormal foods, nor had he traveled outside Japan in the past few years. [3], In 1999, a 41-year-old female resident of New York City went in to her doctor complaining of the sensation of something moving in her mouth. It is the second most common method among women, behind poisoning. Subjects commonly pull worms from their gums, tongue, lips, and inner cheeks after days and even weeks of reported discomfort. The infection usually occurs when someone drinks contaminated water, or consumes an infected beetle. This usually doesn’t cause the dog any problems, and doctors can surgically reduce the size of the tongue or recommend other treatments, if necessary. Gongylonema pulchrum … As she continued to complain, the physician examined her mouth, and discovered the outline of a worm. [31] This form of suicide is much rarer than suspension hanging[14] and is likely to be less painful. Treatment should be "directed at airway control with endotracheal intubation, ventilation using positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and hyperventilation with supplemental oxygen to control intracranial pressure". Wyatt, Jonathan P.; Squires, Tim; Norfolk, Guy; Oehmichen, Manfred; Auer, Roland N.; König, Hans Günter. Previously in the year, she’d traveled to Mexico, Guatemala, and France. Miletich, John J.; Lindstrom, Tia Laura. Most other Gongylonema species infect birds and mammals: there are 25 species found in mammals and 10 species found in birds. The larvae all possess a cephalic hook and rows of tiny spines around a blunt anterior end, so when they hatch they may further infest their hosts. The difference is based in our genes. The first reported case was in 1850 by Dr. Joseph Leidy, when he identified a worm "obtained from the mouth of a child" from the Philadelphia Academy. [1] The patient, a healthy 48-year-old man felt the presence of a moving, worm-like organism in his mouth. [5] There are commentaries on hanging in antiquity, and it has various cultural interpretations. [citation needed], In humans, there can be an up to six week incubation period for worm development and symptoms may not appear until the second molting of the worm, in which the young adult worms begin migration from the esophagus to the buccal and oral palate tissue. [12] According to Aufderheide et al., the most common cause of death of hangings is cerebral hypoxia. She submitted one of the specimens for microscopic identification, and it was found to be an adult female G. pulchrum worm. People who survive hanging report seeing flashing lights and hearing ringing sounds. He placed the parasite in alcohol and submitted it to a medical laboratory. In 1996, the first reported case of Gongylonema pulchrum infection was reported in Japan. We cannot live without brain, heart or lungs but we can live without our tongue. Typically a human tongue is around 3.3 inches (8.5 centimeters) for men and 3.1 inches (7.9 cm) for women, according to the University of Edinburgh. [30][49] The indigenous person hanging himself is a stereotypical phenomenon. The patient had no medical history. The condition causes white patches to develop on the surfaces of the mouth and tongue. Hanging tongue syndrome is caused by some type of injury or trauma to the muzzle of the dog. Diagnosis is often made by visible recognition of the worm moving through the tissue of the buccal cavity by either patient or doctor. [52], For information on methods of suicide intervention, see, Suicide via suspension from an anchor-point. Haematology investigation revealed no abnormalities, particularly no elevated eosinophil count, and no microfilariae were seen using stained blood films; the filariasis serology was negative. [44] The Greeks considered hanging as a woman's death because many women had died by this method. The symptoms seemed to resolve themselves with no need of further treatment. There are seven genera of spirudia nematodes that infect human hosts accidentally: Gnathostoma, Thelazia, Gongylonema, Physaloptera, Spirocerca, Rictularia. The larvae entered the upper gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits (esophagus and upper stomach), and then migrated upward into the buccal cavity- pharyngeal mucosa and tongue. In animals, this parasite quickly spreads down the esophagus, and into the upper digestive and respiratory tracts, making it more often than not, fatal. Participants fall vertically with a rope attached to their neck, which when taut applies a force sufficient to break the spinal cord, causing death. [3] The infections of G. pulchrum have been widespread, and countries reporting human infections include the United States, Germany, Iran, Japan, Laos, Morocco, China, Italy, New Zealand, and Egypt, among others. The sensation would subside after several hours without leaving any visible lesions and without being accompanied by any associated localized or generalized symptoms. The problem can also occur due to neurological problems, or malformed jaw, preventing the dog from being able to pull its tongue back in its mouth. Maris, Ronald W.; Berman; Alan L.; Maltsberger, John T.; H. X. Lee, Jonathan; Nadeau, Kathleen. Initially, the patient would occasionally feel, but not see, this mass at different sites: cheek, palate, gums and internal surface of the lower lip. There was a 1916 infection reported in a 16-year-old girl from Mississippi. The longest tongue for a woman is 3.8 inches (9.75 cm), belonging to Chanel Tapper of Los Angeles. The tongue is the main organ of taste in mammals, and it is used to aid in chewing and swallowing. Microscopic identification of worm removed from patient’s mouth or tissue is another diagnostic technique for determining the parasite infection. In humans the tongue has also become an organ of speech. Gongylonema pulchrum was first named and presented with its own species by Molin in 1857. Hanging tongue syndrome can also be triggered by damage to the facial area, particularly damage that involves the jaw, as well as by dental disease that results in the loss of teeth. [2] The materials required are easily available, making it a difficult method to prevent. However, it recurred several times in the next few months. The caudal end of the male was asymmetrically alate and bore 10 pairs of papillae and two phasmidal apertures. [8], Historically, countries that have had a recent history of using hanging as a method of capital punishment tend to have a low rate of hanging suicides, which may be because such suicides were regarded as shameful, according to Farmer and Rodhe. This parasite enters fish through the gills. [38], There is a popular belief in Chinese culture that the spirits of those who have died by suicide by hanging will haunt and torment the survivors, because they had died in rage and with feelings of hostility and anger. Other factors like … There have only been around 50 reported human cases of G. pulchrum worldwide since 1864, and these infections have been widespread and globally ubiquitous. Hanging is often considered to be a simple suicide method that does not require complicated techniques; a study of people who attempted suicide by hanging and lived usually suggests that this perception may not be accurate. [7] Because of the pressure on the jaw, the tongue is sometimes protruding, causing it to dry. [47][48] Ernest Hunter and Desley Harvey suggest that hanging accounts for two-thirds of indigenous suicides. Infects upper esophagus, moves around and lays eggs in buccal cavity of human host, ingested eggs locate near esophagus, develop and mature into adult worms after two subsequent molting stages, migrate into buccal cavity, no eggs are ever found in human feces, which strengthens the assumption that humans are solely incidental, accidental, and dead end hosts for the Gongylonema pulchrum parasite life cycle. [11] Suspension hanging usually results in cerebral hypoxia and decreased muscle tone around the neck. [19], In England and Wales, hanging is the most commonly used method, and is particularly prevalent in the group of males aged 15–44, comprising almost half of the suicides in the group. The mammalian tongue consists of the free part (or body), the apex, and the root (by which the tongue is attached to the lower jaw and hyoid … However, it is one of the most interesting organs in our body. [41], In ancient Rome, death by hanging—suicide or otherwise—was regarded as particularly shameful, and those who had died by this method were refused a burial. A third molt took place 11 days after primary infection, and the final molt took place at 36 days after primary infection. There the 14 cm (5.5 in) females lay their thick shelled eggs containing first stage larvae. In 1981 hanging accounted for 23.5 percent of male suicides, and by 2001 the figure had risen to 44.2 percent. Download Tongue hanging out stock photos. The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. [citation needed], Gongylonema pulchrum, along with most other Gongylonema nematodes, has a broad natural host range. Suicide by hanging is the intentional killing of oneself (suicide) via suspension from an anchor-point such as an overhead beam or hook, by a rope or cord or by jumping from a height with a noose around the neck. On the lateral sides of the female's tail, phasmidal apertures were observed. The world’s longest tongue is 3.97 inches (10.1 cm) long, from the tip to the middle of the closed top lip, and belongs to Nick Stoeberl of Salinas, California, according to Guinness Book of World Records. Symptoms, once noted, may continue from a month to a year if the worm is not surgically extracted. [8] Depending on the circumstances, petechiae may be present on the eyes, face, legs, and feet. Gongylonemiasis is the affliction caused by this parasite, which is simply protracted discomfort or sensation of movement in the buccal, oral or gingival areas associated with a sensation of foreign body. What does tongue hangs out, one's expression mean? [1], Complete plate (click on image for detailed caption). Also, morphological diagnosis of the parasite is also somewhat complicated because of the variable size of adult worms, and the tendency of the worm to be different lengths depending on what host the worm is recovered from (see "Morphology" below). This parasite eats epithelial cells. And then we collect the stuff that they’ve scraped off their tongue. The organism was identified as a female G. pulchrum worm, and the patient needed no further treatment. … [14] The amount of time it takes to lose consciousness and die is difficult to predict accurately and depends on several factors. Most cases reported in the US are reported from the southeastern part of the country.[5]. For humans, this parasite never makes it further than the oral cavity, and is often surgically or manually extracted. This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 01:24. The average human tongue is about 10 centimeters (4 in) long, has thousands of tastebuds and performs many important functions related to speaking and eating. It is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and is continuous with the mucosae of the soft palate, the undersurface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Hanging with little or no drop typically causes death by a combination of the tightening noose occluding the carotid arteries and jugular veins causing cerebral hypoxia (ischemia), i.e. [citation needed], Treatment for infections with G. pulchrum is surgical/manual extraction of the noticed worm and albendazole (400 milligrams twice daily for 21 days). Follow up measures include periodic checks of buccal cavity and esophagus to ensure parasite infection has cleared. Human Tongue stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. [3] The proportion of hangings as suicides in 2005 among women aged 15–34 was 47.2 percent, having risen from 5.7 percent in 1968. It is a relatively thin nematode, and like other worms within its class, it has no circulatory or respiratory system. A low hanging is more likely to lead to asphyxia and there may be some facial congestion and a purple protruding tongue. It is possible that he ate food that had been contaminated in an endemic country and shipped to Japan. There are two groups of muscles of the tongue. Gongylonema pulchrum is the only parasite of the genus Gongylonema capable of infecting humans. The same can be said for other features, like the skin and hair color and sometimes even tongue length. The patient also had eosinophilia, but the ulcer healed with no scar once the organism was removed. Supposedly, she had removed worms from her mouth on two separate occasions- one from her lip, and one from her gums. Jevon, Philip; Bowden, David F.; Halliwell, David. They also have an excretory system possessing lateral canals. A coated or furry tongue … He also did not report drinking any water from possibly infected wells. Another control measure is ensuring children and adults do not accidentally or purposefully ingest infected dung beetles and other coprophagous insects. O'Connor, Rory C.; Platt, Stephen; Gordon, Jacki. Also, contaminated water sources, again with the intermediate hosts or the infective third stage larva, can lead to transmission to humans. [16] Homicides may be disguised as a hanging suicide. [24] Hanging is also a frequently used method for those in custody, in several countries. She said she had had the feeling for the duration of one year. Definition of tongue hangs out, one's in the Idioms Dictionary. This was the eleventh reported case of G. pulchrum infection in the United States. [8][26] About 11 lb (5 kg) of pressure is required to compress the carotid artery; 4.4 lb (2 kg) for the jugular veins;[8] and at least 15 kg (33 lb) for the airway. One form of glossitis causes a smooth tongue, with a red, glazed appearance. [14], According to Anton J. L. van Hooff, hanging was the most common suicide method in primitive and pre-industrial societies. (eds) (2011). Some believe unconsciousness occurs in five seconds, though Alan Gunn writes that it generally takes longer. Salivary glands produce saliva, a clear fluid that keeps mucous membranes moist, lubricates foods while you chew, starts the digestion of starches, and helps prevent tooth decay. [40] Lee & Kleinman write that hanging, the most common method in traditional China, was the "final, but unequivocal, way of standing still against and above oppressive authorities, often with the suicidée ceremonially dressed prior to the ultimate act". "The anterior end in both sexes was covered by numerous cuticular platelets. The worm is highly mobile, as observed in patients’ mouths and as evidenced by the morphological design of the worm. With the globalized food market now present, this is not out of the realm of possibility, and should be considered as a possible means of transmission into countries that have no previous history of G. pulchrum infection. ADRIANNE Lewis believes she has the world’s longest tongue, measuring a whopping four inches or 10.16 centimetres. This parasite is multi-cellular, and capable of movement. (2005). 72–81 days post primary infection, embryonated eggs appeared in the feces of the rabbits. The Tip or Apex:This highly agile part houses taste buds for sweet. There have only been 50 recorded infections worldwide since the first reported case in 1850. glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) can accompany anemia, scarlet fever, nutritional deficiencies, and most general infections. She complained of a sensation of a worm moving around her lower lip, but was disregarded by her physician. It is this movement through the mucosa of the mouth and lips that causes patients to complain of symptoms. She traveled frequently to visit relatives in Mississippi, so it is unknown whether she contracted the worm in New York or in the south. 10 Human Tongue Parts. Gongylonema pulchrum infections are due to humans acting as accidental hosts for the parasite. [20] In the United States it is the second most common method, behind firearms,[21] and is by far the most common method for those in psychiatric wards and hospitals. [6] He originally described it as Filariae hominis oris, and initially considered the worm was a guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), but because of the unique location of the worm (buccal cavity), and the relatively short size compared to the guinea worm, the hypothesis was disregarded. None of these were executions, all being suicides or auto-erotic hangings. Gongylonema also swallows these exudates. Gongylonema pulchrum Male Gongylonema pulchrum as seen under a light microscope. How the patient contracted the worm is still unknown. [37] A 2010 study by the British Journal of Psychiatry that investigated the motivations of people who had made a near-fatal suicide attempt found that those who had attempted a hanging considered it a painless, quick, simple, and clean method, while those who had opted for a different method held an opposing view. They could torture the tongue, cut it with jagged edges, or nail it to a table. The buccal opening was small and extended in the dorsoventral direction. [25], The aim of drop hanging, which is also frequently used in executions, is to break the neck. [39] Angry and oppressed women would use this method as an act of revenge. imgur. [1] It is one of the most commonly used suicide methods and has a high mortality rate; Gunnell et al. Around the mouth a cuticular elevation enclosed the labia, and eight papillae were located laterodorsally and lateroventrally. [46], Suicide by hanging is particularly common among Indigenous Australians, who have a high suicide rate, especially among young men. [citation needed]. With initial infection, some patients have reported remembering a mild fever and flu-like symptoms about a month previous to extraction or identification of worm. [13], Most people who are hanged die before they are found; the term "near hanging" refers to those who survive (at least for a while—for example, until they reach hospital). Asphyxia in hanging is usually related to the compression of the carotid arteries, rather than blockage of the airways. [citation needed]. (2010). The imprint of a human tongue, in fact, is just as unique as a fingerprint. This includes hedgehogs, cattle, dogs, cats, ruminants, rabbits, and skunks. Cymothoa exigua, or the tongue-eating louse, is a parasitic isopod of the family Cymothoidae. G. pulchrum infections have been notoriously and historically hard to diagnose due to symptom complaints by patients (see "Symptoms" and "Diagnosis" below). [2], In general, there are two methods of hanging: suspension hanging (the suspension of the body at the neck) and drop hanging (a calculated drop designed to break the neck). In mammals the tongue is capable of particularly free movement because of its complex musculature and reduction of the hyoid bone. They have numerous rear mucosal projections, which assumedly assist propulsion through the thin layer of skin on the inside of the human host's mouth. [29] Geo Stone, author of Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences, suggests that death by obstruction of the airway is more painful than by the other ways. [32], The majority of deaths by hanging in the UK and US are suicides, although there are some cases involving erotic asphyxiation. An inverted V mark is also often seen. The buccal mucosa, which is the ideal environment for the parasite, is the mucous membrane of the inside of the cheek. A Dog’s Tongue May Influence the Way His Bark Sounds. She presented with gastrointestinal pain, vomiting and a low fever (101.5 °F (38.6 °C)). [8][9] Cervical spine fractures are rare unless the hanging is a drop hanging,[10] which usually causes an injury known as hangman's fracture. [citation needed], The morphology of the worm is as follows, from a 2000 Veterinary Medicine study: [47] Hanging has deep symbolic meanings in Indigenous Australian culture, beyond those attached to the act generally. Sometimes it is part of an adverse reaction to medication. For the person being executed, the actual experience of the hanging lasts anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes -- or at least that's the general belief by forensic scientists. The most common symptom is the complaint of sensation of a worm moving around the mouth, near the lips, and in the soft palate area. [citation needed], Infections of G. pulchrum are not a huge public health concern. [45] A study found that, in literary sources, 1.5–10 percent and 30 percent of suicides in the Roman and Greek civilizations, respectively, were by hanging. Tongue definition is - a fleshy movable muscular process of the floor of the mouths of most vertebrates that bears sensory end organs and small glands and functions especially in taking and swallowing food and in humans as a speech organ. Four human senses engraving on white BG Four human part eye ear nose and tongue engraving drawing in circle shape isolated on white background Human Tongue stock illustrations. She described the foods as “raw, crunchy, and saladlike”. Lateral canals hanged are usually marked with furrows where the ligature had constricted the neck and one from her,... ; Halliwell, David Boxers—are prone to having larger tongues that hang of out of their mouths presented... Supposedly, she had removed worms from her lip, but was disregarded by her physician,... Inner cheeks after days and even weeks of reported discomfort indigenous suicides place 11 days hanging tongue in humans! Female 's tail, phasmidal apertures were observed submitted one of these episodes, a healthy tongue sometimes... With small, painless nodules in consistency and can be scraped off their tongue,. Symptoms, once noted, may continue from a man in France 25 ], According to J.... Morphological design of the tongue has also been studied in vivo in rabbits the caudal end of worm... In an endemic country and shipped to Japan cuticular elevation enclosed the labia, yes... Hangs out, one & # 39 ; s expression mean [ ]! David F. ; Halliwell, David ; Matshes, Evan W. ; Berman ; Alan L. Maltsberger. Tongue has also been studied in vivo in rabbits frequently used in executions, to! Male extracted from a month to a table to Anton J. L. van Hooff, was. More likely to be an adult female G. pulchrum parasite has also studied. ] [ 48 ] Ernest Hunter and Desley Harvey suggest that hanging a. Spirudia nematodes that infect human hosts accidentally: Gnathostoma, Thelazia, Gongylonema pulchrum in! … hanging tongue syndrome is caused by some type of injury or to. Their gums, tongue, in the esophagus and other coprophagous insects ( dung and... Exigua, or infected dung beetles and other coprophagous insects ( dung beetles and )... Examination fell within the normal range measures include periodic checks of buccal cavity 77 percent of them.! With the intermediate hosts or the infective third stage larva, can lead to asphyxia and there be. Thelazia, Gongylonema pulchrum … hanging tongue syndrome is caused by some type of injury trauma. Species infect birds and mammals: there are two groups of muscles of the tongue has also been in... Used in executions, is the ideal environment for the parasite infection in the Dictionary! And had not travelled abroad your tongue is usually pink in appearance, with accumulation exudates! Ingestion of contaminated food, water, or nail it to dry Alan Gunn that. Arteries, rather than blockage of the female are carried out by hanging is unknown, but pain. Tissue of the carotid arteries, rather than blockage of the mouth a cuticular elevation enclosed the,... Pulchrum, along with most other Gongylonema species infect birds and mammals: there are two groups muscles. Buccal mucosa, which is the most commonly used suicide methods and a... Pink in appearance, with accumulation of exudates in them fever ( 101.5 °F ( 38.6 °C ) ) at. The family Cymothoidae it attaches the tongue has also been studied in vivo in.. Worm is not given food nor water 49 ] the indigenous person hanging himself is a of. Caudal end of the female 's tail, phasmidal apertures often the canals are a place inflammation!

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