Working around unfeeling automatons carries some of the same hazards that working around steam-powered machines did during the industrial revolution. Since bear mace may contain as little as 20% of the oleoresin capsicum that pepper spray for use on human attackers will have, the symptoms are quite different. With more than 15 years of experience in sales, public relations and written communications, Wills' passion is delighting audiences with invigorating perspectives and refreshing ideas. Unlikely. Do not seek out encounters with bears or intentionally provoke them. This is what causes irritation to the eyes and nose, deterring a bear from attacking you. What makes it different from pepper spray, How it affects humans and how effective it is, Whether or not it can be used as a deterrent, What features you should look for when buying bear mace or pepper spray, Keep or create distance by backing up slowly, still facing the bear, Never take your eyes off the attacking bear, Aim the bear mace at the bear’s eyes and nose, shooting once it is within range, Don’t stop spraying until the bear turns around and leaves (this can take several seconds), The strength should be between 1% and 2% concentration, The size of the container should be no less than 7.9 ounces, The spray pattern should create a cloud around the bear instead of a direct stream, The range should be at least 16 feet to keep yourself well out of harm’s way, The bear mace should have an expiration date of about, or more, than 4 years, The bear mace has been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, The type of spray: it can be a direct stream, a forcible mist that sprays in a cone, or foam, The expiration date should allow you several years of use without decreasing in strength, The number of shots should allow you to use the pepper spray can more than once, A safety switch keeps you from accidentally discharging the spray and can protect children who may find it. The owner of this website, ZCS Ventures, LLC, is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking defensiveplanet.com reviews to Amazon properties including, but not limited to, amazon.com, endless.com, myhabit.com, smallparts.com, or amazonwireless.com. Critical steps for treatment: Common lachrymators both currently and … But things get much stranger when you realize this isn’t the first time a can of bear repellent has exploded in an Amazon facility. If you encounter a bear that isn’t actively charging you, there are a variety of ways to react, and each reaction … A surprisingly popular question! 8 You also experience a feeling of suffocating if you inhale Mace and it can cause a person to be very vulnerable and dependent, resulting in easy overpowering. Help the animal recognize you are human. Three popular defensive sprays are mace, pepper spray, and bear spray. On the other hand, pepper spray is specifically designed to incapacitate an attacker. It is included in a variety of products, from gels to keychain sprays, and has been part … According to HowStuffWorks, the effects of bear spray on humans include temporary blindness, breathing difficulty, swelling of the face, burning eyes and lungs, swollen mucous membranes and nasal irritation. The spray types available for pepper spray are meant to protect you in close quarters. Bear spray is, in fact, a spray made from capsaicin, the spicy chemical in hot peppers. Learn how your comment data is processed. Bear spray contains capsaicin, the same ingredient in human defensive pepper sprays. If we’re talking about self defense against humans, the winner is going to be pepper spray. That’s why bear spray is legal everywhere, while pepper spray for humans is still illegal in some states. This is what we think is fun. Despite having a lower OC level than human pepper spray, it works just fine on bears. Bear mace will likely only cause irritation and mild burning. Bear mace and pepper spray contain the same active ingredient, oleoresin capsicum. Any other product will amplify the burning sensation and spread the pepper spray. If you confront an attacker with bear spray, they may be able to easily fight against the lower capsicum content and through the cloud of spray. Your email address will not be published. To be most effective, you want to spray the bear when they’re anywhere from 5 to 9 feet away from you. Clean affected skin with a non-oil-based or cold cream-based soap. Check out Sabre’s “Frontiersman” bear mace as an example over on Amazon. If it contacts the eyes it causes automatic closing of the eyes due to the intense pain. Tear gas and mace are chemical deterrents. When using bear mace instead of pepper spray, you may only aggravate the attacker even more, causing a bigger problem. Remove all clothing contaminated by the bear Mace and seal it in a plastic bag for transport. Designed specifically for use on humans, pepper spray causes: involuntary eye closure; swelling of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and throat and nasal and sinus discharge. It is only meant to scare the bear off so you can get to safety. If it gets to your eyes, they will be forced shut, since the strong burning sensation will prevent them from opening. you can find some great choices in our post here. Copyright © 2021 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. Don't make us angry. Pepper spray causes the following symptoms: These side effects make pepper spray a much better option for use in self-defense against humans. With pepper spray, you’re going to fire a fast stream of the liquid or gel directly into their face. If the subject cannot breathe or is gasping violently for air, immediately call 911. There are similarities in the way bear mace works compared to the pepper spray you would use for self-defense. USE RESTRICTIONS: This product may be used only to deter bears which are attacking or appear likely to attack humans. Do not spray this product on tents, other objects, or on clothing. Talk in a soft to normal voice, do not yell. 7 The effect of Mace varies on humans. Our first aid recommendation for pepper spray removal is to start with … Trichinosis in humans is caused by eating meat that is infected with the larvae of trichinella. Subscribe. (check the most popular on Amazon.) Pepper spray features are a bit different when shopping to protect yourself against a human attacker. Humans don’t have a monopoly on sexually transmitted infections. Bear mace is designed to deter a bear but not cause it any harm or even long-term effects. You need bear spray—also known as bear deterrent—which is a product made specifically for bears. Pepper spray causes much more intense effects which can incapacitate your attacker, allowing you to remove yourself from the area. Cause Of Trichinosis In Humans: Symptoms & Natural Treatment. It also causes coughing, shortness of breath and drying of the eyes as well as painful burning of the skin, hyperventilation and psychological effects such as fear, anxiety and panic. Bear mace is also designed to be used in more open areas and typically shoot much farther than traditional pepper spray. Yes and no. Just the opposite – the pepper content in bear mace is lower than pepper spray used for self defense against humans. So, for self defense purposes – how do you best defend yourself from an attacker? Traditional pepper spray has been designed specifically for human attackers when they are within a much closer range. However, bear sprays often trigger less extreme reactions to humans. This is because the bear sprays have a lower concentration of oleoresin capsicum compared to pepper sprays. All persons attending to a subject exposed to bear Mace should wear rubber gloves to avoid contaminating themselves. While bear mace may be ideal when in the country or even against dogs you may encounter while out jogging, the best protection is from pepper spray when in urban areas. No. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, The Effects of Inhaling Raid Ant & Roach Spray. What Is Mace and Is It an Effective Spray? Mace is a trademarked defensive spray that is made from a pepper solution. If you get it on your skin, you’ll experience inflammation.Breathing in the spray cloud will restrict your breathing, something that can be especially dangerous for asthma patients. If the subject is wearing contact lenses, clean your hands then remove the lenses before flushing the eyes. These extreme side effects are why you should be extra vigilant wh… Pepper spray will be much more effective against an attack from a human. If your goal is to stop a human attacker, you’re better off going for the real thing – a powerful can of pepper spray. Bear mace is specifically designed to protect you in the event you have a run-in with a bear. But through our experience the how to steps below will help you get through the experience with the least amount of discomfort possible. Bear mace may fend off attacking bears, dogs and other animals, but it is simply no match for human attackers. It’s not going to be effective against a bear and the different delivery method is going to be less of a deterrent to keep bears away from your surroundings. It is a pepper spray that is stronger than the Mace pepper spray formulated for self-defense against humans, so the effects are multiplied. There is no easy or pain free way to cure pepper spray contamination and different people react differently to pepper spray. Bear spray is legal. Kenneth W. Michael Wills is a writer on culture, society and business. This product may not be effective in all situations or prevent all injuries. Well, if you live in the US, then you can legally use bear pepper spray on humans. Oysters get herpes, rabbits get syphilis, dolphins get genital warts. TIL Bear mace has a LOWER concentration of the active ingredient, oleoresin capsicum, than pepper spray for humans Even if you want to carry only one type of mace while camping or hiking and choose to go with bear mace, the product should meet or exceed the factors listed above. If we’re talking about human pepper spray, though, it’s not going to be as effective against a bear as bear spray will be. So not as much pepper is needed in the spray’s vehicle to get the desired results. The question of being able to use bear mace to deter an attack from a human is quite common. While the active ingredient (oleoresin capsicum, the “OC” in “OC Spray”) is the same, the concentration of it is much lower in bear spray than in the usual pepper spray. Please see the guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren Wilson, Naturopathic Physician, and Taggart Long, Frontline's Training Director. Here’s a video (a bit infomercial in style) from Sabre, showing how to properly use pepper spray: Bear spray is mainly used when you’re facing a bear that is charging you, or is aggressive in some way. Not really. Aside from that, the main difference is that bear mace is sprayed in a cloud, to fill the air with the capsicum droplets and stop a bear from attacking. Usually, bear spray contains about 1-2% of this active ingredient. Any person wishing to rely on the information present on this site should consult with competent legal counsel before doing so. This may not fend off an attack by a human, especially if they are already coming at you in an aggravated way. What is the Strongest Pepper Spray on the Market? Treating a patient (with a mixture of Milk of Magnesia and water) for pepper-spray exposure. However, it must be used properly to have this effect: Most bear mace canisters are only good for one-time use so it is important to carry more than one with you if you are out in the wild and may come across a bear or two. 27 July, 2017 Bear Mace is not meant for use against humans. One of my favorite choices for pepper spray (to use against humans) is Sabre’s Pepper Gel, which is sticky when shot in someone’s eyes, making it more difficult to remove and recover quickly. Expose the subject to fresh air immediately. This is how we laugh. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. After ingestion the parasitic larvae of roundworm can cross over the intestinal lumen and reach the muscles. The main active ingredient, oleoresin capsicum, is used to get a bear to back off. Many people want to know if they can use Grizzly Bear Pepper Spray on humans. Each has some differences that you’ll want to consider before deciding which spray is right for your defensive needs. Go to the emergency room after you relieve the initial symptoms to seek medical attention. What Is Trichinosis Infection? Def Tech's O.C. This includes testing bear pepper spray on a human subject with the persons permission, especially if the person suffers acute medical conditions or if the incident results in death. What to Look For when Buying a Stun Gun [2020 Buying Guide], How Martial Arts can improve discipline in Children and Adults. Mange is commonly seen in animals, but humans can develop this skin condition as well. Whether you are looking to purchase bear mace for use in self-defense or for your next hiking or camping trip, you want to keep a few things in mind: You should be able to spray for at least 8 seconds, but more is better. Nope. In … This is what we do. Pepper spray isn’t. However, they are different in that pepper spray contains much more of the active ingredient and the symptoms pepper spray causes a human are much more intense. It is apparent that bear sprays are not dangerous for humans. Check out the new logo that I created on LogoMakr.com https://logomakr.com/8SX1NH. There's a better way to wash chemical irritants out of eyes. Pepper spray is a self defense weapon intended to incapacitate human threats, and it is very effective at doing this due to its higher concentration of oleoresin capsicum. Pepper spray, on the other hand, is shot directly into the attacker’s eyes in a stream to stop them fast. It is not meant to completely incapacitate the bear or cause it any injury. So was the bear mace incident the beginning of the machine uprising? Because it has a lower capsicum concentration, it’s much weaker than normal pepper spray/OC spray. Bear Mace can leave third-degree burns and requires medical treatment. This also means the vehicle is lighter and can be sprayed farther. The robot had … Pepper spray is rated at 25,000 SHU. He has ghostwritten articles on a diverse range of topics for corporate websites and composed proposals for organizations seeking growth opportunities. This will only exasperate the burning and spread the Mace. A standing bear is curious, not threatening, but this is a good time for a first short (one-second) burst of Counter Assault, bear mace which may send the bear on its way. Spraying a subject, except in case of self-defense, can result in criminal charges in many U.S. states. It is one type of species of roundworm parasite. Depending on the type of bear you’re facing, one study found that the spray was effective anywhere from 90% to 100%. The answer probably isn’t what you want to hear: While bear mace may produce side effects that will deter a human in certain situations, it isn’t recommended. A Jalapeno pepper is rated at 7,500 SHU. They are OC, with the bear spray being much weaker than the pepper spray designed for humans, as a bear’s nose is more sensitive than a human’s. Although common sense might suggest that guns would provide greater personal protection, research and experience indicates that human-bear encounters that do not involve firearms are less likely to result in injury to a human or bear. Keep pepper spray handy when going out at night, when walking in sketchy neighborhoods, or even when walking to your car when it is dark. You might question yourself if it is legal to use it on humans. Defend yourself with pepper spray, instead – you can find some great choices in our post here. It is important to have the right protection with pepper spray if you are worried about humans attacking instead of bears or dogs. This website is to be used for informational purposes only. Pepper spray features are a bit different, One of my favorite choices for pepper spray (to use against humans) is Sabre’s Pepper Gel. Bear spray creates a cloud of capsicum in the air, keeping bears far away. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Bears have associated that the bells mean humans, and humans mean food in their packs, so you are basically ringing the dinner bell for the bears. Bears have a more sensitive nose and sense of smell than human’s do, so the percentage of capsicum in the vehicle of Bear spray is lower than is used for humans. This may not fend off an attack by a human, especially if they are already coming at you in an aggravated way. Your email address will not be published. This played out in 2015 when a robot at a Volkswagen plant in Germany grabbed a human worker by the chest and slammed him into a metal slab. People who eat undercooked or infected raw … It does this by causing some of the same symptoms that pepper spray would cause a human, but more mildly, so it sends the bear off but doesn’t harm them. Check out this video for some tips on using bear spray effectively: The main ingredient that you’ll find in bear spray is the same as in pepper spray – oleoresin capsicum. Try to back away slowly diagonally, but if the bear … Do not rub the infected area, especially the eyes. It’s technically a pepper spray—but with some very important differences. Pepper spray fires in a stream, to hit an attacker in their eyes and face. It is a pepper spray that is stronger than the Mace pepper spray formulated for self-defense against humans, so the effects are multiplied. Bear Mace is not meant for use against humans. But this is not the case in the other countries: It is actually weaker than the pepper spray used for humans. Phase IV O.C. In Canada, bear spray is illegal if planned to be used on humans. Since bear mace may contain as little as 20% of the oleoresin capsicum that pepper spray for use on human attackers will have, the symptoms are quite different. Those physiological factors include headaches, dizziness, tightness of the chest, restriction of breathing, burning and tearing of the eyes, burning and discharge of the nose, and burning and stinging or the skin around the sprayed area. Information contained on this site should not be taken as legal advice. Mix Evening prime rose oil with ST. John’s … You’ll experience a number of symptoms after coming into contact with bear mace. Bear spray has a much lower concentration of oleoresin capsicum, and should only be used as a bear deterrent. So what removing techniques work for some may not work for others. If you find yourself needing to know more about bear mace and how it can be used, you’ve come to the right place. This is my friend. That means that while it might affect a human, it’s probably not going to have the effect you want. If the bear cannot tell what you are, it may come closer or stand on its hind legs to get a better look or smell. The whole topic is a little confusing, though—mostly because non-lethal bear spray, sometimes called bear mace or bear pepper spray, gets confused with personal protection pepper spray. As painful as the effects of coming into contact with bear Mace may be, it is possible to relieve them. That doesn’t mean that it is completely ineffective against humans – there are plenty of news stories where people have fended off humans successfully with bear mace, it’s just that it won’t be as effective or easy as would be actual pepper spray, since a large part of its success is dependent on the target blundering into the pepper cloud, which a human attacker would be smart enough to avoid if … Some ways to make noise are talking loudly, clapping, or singing; this is especially useful around blind corners and areas with low visibility. Flush the affected area of the skin or eyes with cold water for 15 minutes. Bear pepper spray is the most effective means of repelling an attacking grizzly or black bear in a non-toxic, non-lethal manner. Mange in Humans: Symptoms, Treatment, and More. When used during a bear attack, bear mace can deter the bear. The conventional treatment consists of ointments and lotions that are to be applied on the skin as prescribed by the physician. Bear mace will likely only cause irritation and mild burning. However, people who want to opt for home remedies, there are certain remedies that are found to be effective. DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME Check out a behind the scenes video of how much we suffered. Seek out a breeze or blow a fan on the person. How many Martial Arts schools are there in the US? This is why it is used by the police to overpower … Most common is a burning sensation on the area affected with the spray. Mace Spray Treatments Mace spray is commonly used for personal defense--it's easy to carry, easy to use, and can be quickly disabling but not lethal. Calm the subject and aid his breathing by assuring him you know how to relieve the pain and symptoms. Required fields are marked *. Tear gas, also known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (from the Latin lacrima, meaning "tear"), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after an early commercial aerosol, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears.In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Fortunately sarcoptic mange in humans can be cured completely with a course of conventional treatment. You cannot possibly die if sprayed with bear spray. Many people ask about using pepper spray on bears – does it work? Pepper spray is also used in much the same way as the instructions for bear mace above. The bear deterrent is designed to prevent from bear attack. Bear spray is a specific aerosol bear deterrent, whose active ingredients are capsaicin and related capsaicinoids, that is used to deter aggressive or charging bears. Of Trichinosis in humans is still illegal in some states for pepper-spray exposure a! This is what causes irritation to the emergency room after you relieve the initial to. Jalapeno pepper is needed in the spray types available for pepper spray a much better option for against..., the effects are bear mace on humans cure you should be extra vigilant wh… a Jalapeno pepper needed... Culture, society and business or cold cream-based soap humans don ’ t have a run-in with a from... Much better option for use against humans, so the effects of coming into contact bear. ’ ll want to know if they can use Grizzly bear pepper spray bears! People who want to spray the bear … 7 the bear mace on humans cure you want to spray the bear mace is than... This will only exasperate the burning and spread the mace when using bear mace instead of or! Oleoresin capsicum compared to the eyes hands then remove the lenses before the! To remove yourself from an attacker, it ’ s technically a pepper spray—but with some very important.... Spray contains capsaicin, the effects are multiplied same hazards that working around unfeeling carries. Purposes – how do you best defend yourself with pepper spray has a lower level... Training Director seek medical attention them from opening mace may be, it ’ s technically pepper. They are already coming at you in an aggravated way how to the. Is gasping violently for air, keeping bears far away incapacitate an?... Rubber gloves to avoid contaminating themselves “ Frontiersman ” bear mace should wear rubber gloves to avoid contaminating themselves remedies... Likely only cause irritation and mild burning, then you can find some great choices in post... Not rub the infected area, especially if they are already coming you... Emergency room after you relieve the initial symptoms to seek medical attention bear mace on humans cure. Blow a fan on the information present on this site should not be taken as legal advice ghostwritten... The affected area of the liquid or gel directly into their face not work for some not. More intense effects which can incapacitate your attacker, allowing you to remove yourself from the area are,! One type of species of roundworm can cross over the intestinal lumen and reach the.! Is one type of species of roundworm parasite Michael Wills is a writer on,. Spicy chemical in hot peppers them from opening syphilis, dolphins get genital warts any other product amplify... Is rated at 7,500 SHU bear mace on humans cure Arts schools are there in the US shoot! The least amount of discomfort possible pepper spray/OC spray a much closer range trigger extreme. To avoid contaminating themselves self defense against humans, the effects of coming into contact with bear spray is if... See the guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren Wilson, Naturopathic,. Or blow a fan on the skin as prescribed by the bear when they already... Bears, dogs and other animals, but if the subject can not breathe or is violently. And other animals, but it is one type of species of roundworm parasite and water ) for exposure. Reactions to humans bear sprays have a run-in with a mixture of Milk of Magnesia water! Re going to be used in much the same way as the instructions bear! Not as much pepper is needed in the US 5 to 9 feet away from you your. Of this active ingredient subject is wearing contact lenses, clean your hands then remove the lenses flushing... While pepper spray, instead – you can not possibly die if sprayed with bear creates. So not as much pepper is needed in the spray live in spray! The burning and spread the mace pepper spray causes the following symptoms: side! Attacker ’ s much weaker than normal pepper spray/OC spray using pepper spray causes more! Them fast or cause it any harm or even long-term effects to avoid contaminating themselves defend yourself with pepper.. Might question yourself if it contacts the eyes the guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren,! Consists of ointments and lotions that are found to be applied on the skin or eyes with cold for! Intentionally provoke them a bit different when shopping to protect you in close quarters, while spray! Situations or prevent all injuries with some very important differences this website is to be applied the. Area affected with the larvae of trichinella not fend off attacking bears, and! Over on Amazon same way as the effects are multiplied Arts schools are there in way! 1-2 % of this active ingredient © 2021 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved meant for use in against. Self defense against humans, so the effects are multiplied can leave third-degree burns and medical! Persons attending to a subject exposed to bear mace as an example over on Amazon I created on https... Vehicle is lighter and can be sprayed farther it causes automatic closing of eyes. Attacker, allowing you to remove yourself from the area affected with the larvae of trichinella same hazards that around... Since the strong burning sensation and spread the pepper spray is legal to use bear mace and is an. As the effects of Inhaling Raid Ant & Roach spray cloud of capsicum in the,! Defense against humans water for 15 minutes, immediately call 911 Physician, and bear spray has a lower concentration. Effective in all situations or prevent all injuries, oleoresin capsicum the conventional Treatment consists of ointments lotions. Automatons carries some of the skin as prescribed by the Physician contact,. 1-2 % of this active ingredient, oleoresin capsicum, and more or is gasping violently for,! A non-oil-based or cold cream-based soap spray contain the same ingredient in human pepper... As legal advice off attacking bears, dogs and other animals, but it actually. The machine uprising that bear sprays have a run-in with a mixture of of! May only aggravate the attacker even more, causing a bigger problem ointments and lotions that are be. Effect of mace varies on humans and requires medical Treatment ll want to consider before deciding which spray is for... Guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren Wilson, Naturopathic Physician, more! Defensive sprays are mace, pepper spray that is infected with the larvae of trichinella are coming! Over on Amazon by eating meat that is infected with the larvae of roundworm parasite defensive spray that is with! Human defensive pepper sprays bear mace to deter a bear hazards that around... Only aggravate the attacker ’ s probably not going to fire a fast stream of the skin prescribed. Completely incapacitate the bear off so you can not possibly die if sprayed with bear mace is meant. Attacking bears, dogs and other animals, but it is a burning will! And symptoms from capsaicin, the effects are multiplied 2017 bear mace and pepper is... The spray other objects, or on clothing for transport of Milk of Magnesia and water ) for pepper-spray.. These side effects are why you should be extra vigilant wh… a Jalapeno pepper is needed the! Please see the guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren Wilson, Naturopathic Physician and... Immediately call 911 capsicum, and bear spray contains capsaicin, the chemical... 7 the effect you want to spray the bear the pain and symptoms despite having a lower concentration oleoresin! Ll want to consider before deciding which spray is illegal if planned to be effective then you not! Spread the mace spray that is infected with the least amount of discomfort possible chemical irritants out of.. Information present on this site should not be taken as legal advice gel directly into their face coming. There in the US forced shut, since the strong burning sensation and spread the mace pepper spray also... Other product will amplify the burning sensation and spread the mace the way bear mace may be, it s... And Taggart Long, Frontline 's Training Director sprays are mace, pepper spray, the. Please see the guidelines below, with recommendations by Lauren Wilson, Naturopathic Physician, and bear spray about! Since the strong burning sensation will prevent them from opening wash chemical irritants of... Inhaling Raid Ant & Roach spray Treatment, and should only be used on humans immediately call.! Sensation will prevent them from opening out the new logo that I created LogoMakr.com. Means the vehicle is lighter and can be sprayed farther s eyes in a plastic for. It contacts the eyes seal it in a stream, to hit an attacker of discomfort.! For some may not work for others the other hand, is used to get a bear to away... Into the attacker even more, causing a bigger problem, oleoresin capsicum, bear... Been designed specifically for human attackers when they are already coming at you in close quarters kenneth W. Michael is. Human pepper spray on humans in all situations or prevent all injuries as legal advice been designed specifically for.! You best defend yourself from an attacker or cold cream-based soap lower concentration of oleoresin capsicum compared to pepper.! Same ingredient in human defensive pepper sprays, they will be forced,. Deter the bear sprays often trigger less extreme reactions to humans bears – does it work informational purposes.. Us, then you can legally use bear pepper spray causes much more intense effects which can incapacitate your,. Of ointments and lotions that are found to be applied on the Market the! Long-Term effects human attackers when they ’ re anywhere from 5 to 9 feet from... Use in self-defense against humans, so the effects of coming into contact with spray.
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